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现代土耳其作为一个民族国家,体现了伊斯兰教和世俗主义两股思潮的对立与互动。多民族共存的奥斯曼帝国转变为单一民族的土耳其共和国;凯末尔又通过历史协会和语言协会重新塑造土耳其民族的记忆和未来。苏丹和哈里发制度被废,宗教委员会、宗教基金会、神学院等新机构成立。共和人民党与军队成为了阿塔图克遗产的守护者。政治伊斯兰在20世纪后半期的兴起,得益于多党制的确立、厄扎尔的自由主义经济政策,以及冷战背景下倡导的土耳其-伊斯兰综合体。正义与发展党的统治,既强调伊斯兰教的价值,又认同西方的民主制度。这引起了关于土耳其模式和新奥斯曼主义的讨论。然而,在全球化和后现代的背景下,土耳其却面临一个分裂的社会。
Abstract:①Carter Vaugh Findley,Turkey,Islam,Nationalism,and Modernity:A History,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2010,pp.18-22.
②Justin McCarthy,The Ottoman Turks:An Introductory History to 1923,London and New York:Longman,1997;Sina Aksin,trans,by Dexter H.Mursaloglu,Turkey:From Empire to Revolutionary Republic,the Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present,London:Hurst&Company,2007;Erik J.Zurcher,Turkey:A Modern History,London and New York:I.B.Tauris,2012[2005;2007;2009;2010].
③Cagla Gul Yesevi,“Turkish Political Parties and Turkish Nationalism,”International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies,Vol.4,No.1(2012),pp.95-106.关于土耳其政党的综合研究,参Barry Rubin and Metin Heper(eds.),Political Parties in Turkey,London and Portland,OR:Frank Class,2002.
①Bill Park,Modern Turkey:People,State and Foreign Policy in a Globalized World,London and New York:Routledge,2012,p.208.
②Ibid,p.209.
③Ibid,p.210.
④Peyami Safa;trans.by Yulug Tekin Kurat,Reflections on the Turkish Revolution,Ankara:Ataturk Research Center,1999,pp.9-10.
⑤Ibid,p.27.
⑥Ibid,p.35.
⑦Ibid,pp.39-40.
⑧M.ukruHanioglu,Ataturk:An Intellectual History,Princeton and Oxford:Princeton University Press,2011,pp.33-37.
⑨Ibid,p.49,56,63.
⑩Paul Dumont,“The Origins of Kemalist Ideology,”Jacob M.Landau(ed.),Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey,Boulder:Westview Press&Leiden:Brill,1984,pp.25-44;Erik J.Zurcher,The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building:From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk's Turkey,London and New York:I.B.Tauris,2010.
①Frank Tachau,“The Political Culture of Kemalist Turkey,”Jacob M.Landau(ed.),Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey,Boulder Westview Press&Leiden:Brill,1984,pp.57-76.
②昝涛:《现代国家与民族建构:20世纪前期土耳其民族主义研究》,北京:三联书店,2011年,第119—124页。
③同上书,第165页。
④Reza Azarian,“Nationalism in Turkey:Response to a Historical Necessity,”International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,Vol.1,No.12(2011),pp.72-82.
⑤昝涛:《现代国家与民族建构:20世纪前期土耳其民族主义研究》,第253—254页。
⑥同上书,第260-333页。
⑦Peyami Safa,Reflections on the Turkish Revolution,pp.55-59.
⑧Niyazi Berkes,The Development of Secularism in Turkey,New York:Routledge,1998,p.6.
⑨同上书,pp.482-483.
⑩同上书,p.499.
[11]同上书,p.502.
①Zeyno Baran,Torn Country:Turkey between Secularism and hlamism,Stanford:Hoover Institution Press,2010;Ahmet T.Kuru and Alfred Stepan(eds.),Democracy,Islam,and Secularism in Turkey,New York:Columbia University Press,2012.
②Sinan Ciddi,Kemalism in Turkish Politics:The Republican People's Party,Secularism and Nationalism,London and New York:Routledge,2010.
③Yael Navaro-Yashin,Faces of the State:Secularism and Public Life in Turkey,Princeton and Oxford:Princeton University Press,2002;Esra Ozyurek,Nostalgia for the Modern:State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey,Durham and London:Duke University Press,2006.
④Angel Rabasa and F.Stephen Larrabee,The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey,Santa Monica:RAND,2008,pp.35-47.
⑤Erdal Tanas Karagol,“The Turkish Economy during the Justice and Development Party Decade,”Insight Turkey,Vol.15,No.4(2013),pp.115-129.
⑥Vahap Coskun,“Constitutional Amendments under the Justice and Development Party Rule,”Insight Turkey,Vol.15,No.4(2013),pp.95-113.
①M.Hakan Yavuz,Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009,pp.79-117.
②关于这一运动,参M.Hakan Yavuz,Toward an Islamic Enlightenment:The Gulen Movement,New York:Oxford University Press,2013.居伦的论述,参Nevval Sevindi;edited and with an introduction by Ibrahim M.Abu-Rabi';tans,by Abdullah T.Antepli,Contemporary Islamic Conversations:M.Fethullah Gulen on Turkey,Islam and the West,Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,2008.
③Kadir Ustun and Erol Cebeci,“AK Party-Gulen Split:Political Fallout from Corruption Probe,”Washington,DC:SETA,2014.
①Sena Karasipahi,Muslims in Modern Turkey:Kemalism,Modernism and the Revolt of the Islamic Intellectuals,London and New York:I.B.Tauris,2014,pp.52-67.
②关于穆斯林妇女在土耳其的政治参与,一项经典的研究,参Yesim Aral,Rethinking Islam and Uberal Democracy:Islamist Women in Turkish Politics,Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,2005.关于当代土耳其妇女的问题,参Sedef KucuK,“Being a Woman in Turkey and in the Middle East,”Turkish Policy Quarterly,Vo.11,No.4(2012),pp.23-30;Selma Aeuner,“Gender and Development in Turkey,”Turkish Policy Quarterly,Vo.11,No.4(2012),pp.71-78;Umut Azak,“Beyond the Headscarf:Secularism and Freedom of Religion in Turkey,”Turkish Policy Quarterly,Vo.11,No.4(2012),pp.91-99.关于这一事件的报道,参Sebnem Asru and Dan Bilefsky,“Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves in State Offices,”New York Times,October 8,2013;“Turkey's Female MPs Wear Headscarves in Parliaments for the First Time,”The Guardian,October 31,2013.
③参Taner Akcam,From Empire to Republic:Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide,London and New York:Zed Books,2004;James Ker-Lindsay,The Cyprus Problem:What Everyone Needs to Know,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,2011;Christopher Houston,Kurdistan:Crafting of National Selves,Oxford and New York:Berg,2008.
④Hakan Yavuz,“Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey,”Nationalism and Ethnic Politics,Vol.7,No.3(2001),pp.1-24.
①Andrew Mango,Turkey and the War on Terror:For Forty Years We Fought Alone,London and New York:Routledge,2005,pp.31-57.
②Yilmaz Ensaroglu,“Turkey's Kurdish Question and the Peace Process,”Insight Turkey,Vol.15,No.2(2013),pp.7-17.
③Gunes Murat Tezcur,“Kurdish Nationalism and Identity in Turkey:A Conceptual Reinterpretation,”European Journal of Turkish Studies,No.10(2009);Johanna Nykanen,“Identity,Narrative and Frames:Assessing Turkey's Kurdish Initiatives,”Insight Turkey,Vol.15,No.2(2013),pp.85-101.
④Ahmet Davutoglu,“Principles of Turkish Foreign Policy and Regional Political Structuring,”Vision Papers,No.3,Ankara:SAM/Center for Strategic Research,April 2012.关于其外交思想更详细的论述,参Ahmet Davutoglu,Stratejik Derinlik:Turkiye'nin Uluslararasi Konumu,Istanbul:Kure Yayinlart,2001.
①Idris Bal,“The Turkish Model and the Turkic Republics,”Perceptions:Journal of International Affairs,Vol.3,No.3(1998),pp.105-129.
②F.Stephen Larrabee,“Turkey Rediscovers the Middle East,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.86,No.4(2007),pp.103-114.
③Kieran Uchehara,“Erdogan's Mideast and African Tour:Putting Turkey on the Map,”Turkish Review,Vol.1,No.6(2011),pp.68-71;Ziya Onis,“Turkey and the Arab Spring:Between Ethics and Self-interest,”Insight Turkey,Vol.14,No.3(2012),pp.45-63;Nathalie Tocci et al,Turkey and the Arab Spring:Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy from a Transatlantic Perspective,Washington,DC:The German Marshall Fund of the United States,2011;Graham E.Fuller,Turkey and the Arab Spring:Leadership in the Middle East,Bozorg Press,2014.
④Mehmet Ugur Ekinci,Turkey's“Zero Problems”Era in the Balkans,Ankara:SETA/Foundation for Political,Economic and Social Research,2013.
①Ehud R.Toledano,“Some Thoughts on the Ottomans and neo-Ottomanism,”Turkish Review,Vol.3,No.1(2013),pp.8-13;Ali Erken,“Re-imaging the Ottoman Past in Turkish Politics:Past and Present,”Insight Turkey,Vol.15,No.3(2013),pp.171-188.关于土耳其外交的历史考察,参William Hale,Turkish Foreign Policy since 1774,London and New York:Routledge,2013[2000;2003].
②John L.Esposito and John O.Voll,Islam and Democracy,New York:Oxford University Press,1996;Nader Hashemi,Islam,Secularism,and Liberal Democracy:Toward a Democratic Theory of Muslim Societies,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,2009.
③Jenny White,Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks,Princeton and Oxford:Princeton University Press,2013,p.5.
④Ibid,p.9.
⑤Ibid,p.19.
⑥Philip H.Gordon and Omer Taspinar,Winning Turkey:How America,Europe,and Turkey can Revive a Fading Partnership,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press,2008,pp.3-4.进一步的讨论,参Madeleine K.Albright,Stephen J.Hardley,and Steven A.Cook,U.S.-Turkey Relations:A New Partnership,New York:Council on Foreign Relations,2012.
⑦Mirela Bogdani,Turkey and the Dilemma of EU Accession:When Religion Meets Politics,London and New York:I.B.Tauris,2011;Ioannis N.Grigoriadis,Trials of Europeanization;Turkish Political Culture and the European Union,New York:Palgrave MacMillan,2009.
基本信息:
中图分类号:B968
引用信息:
[1]刘义.伊斯兰教、民族国家及世俗主义——土耳其的意识形态与政治文化[J].世界宗教文化,2015,No.91(01):38-46.
2015-02-15
2015-02-15