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欧盟在创立之初，并没有专门处理宗教问题的机制。随着欧洲一体化的深入，《里斯本条约》带来了重大变化，最终将欧盟与宗教和哲学组织代表的对话制度化。本文聚焦的“规范性力量欧洲”（NPE）乃是近二十年来欧盟外交政策和欧盟对外行动研究的主导范式，也是将欧盟塑造为“世界正义力量”的一种叙事策略。自2016年始，欧盟就设立了“促进欧盟以外宗教或信仰自由特使”职位，任命扬·费格尔（Ján Fige?）为首任特使，专门负责高层对话与活动；从多轨外交的层面看，欧盟主要通过对外交官进行宗教专业知识的培训以提高其“宗教素养”，后来则发起“全球社会宗教交流”（GERIS）项目，直接与宗教界人士就外交政策及广泛的问题进行对话。欧盟通过多轨外交的途径强调了多样性、共存和责任等概念，将“规范性力量欧洲”的基本叙事扩展到宗教领域。
Abstract：(1) L. N. Leustean, ed., Representing Religion in the European Union, Routledge, 2012, p.4.
(1) Lisbon Treaty, Article 17:1. The Union respects and does not prejudice the status under national law of churches and religious associations or communities in the Member States. 2. The Union equally respects the status under national law of philosophical and nonconfessional organisations. 3. Recognising their identity and their specific contribution, the Union shall maintain an open,transparent and regular dialogue with these churches and organisations.
(2)欧盟理事会文件：EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief, FOREIG AFFAIRS Council meeting, Luxembourg, 24 June 2013, p.1.
(3) Religion and the EU’s external policies:Increasing engagement, PE 646.173-February 2020,p.3.
(4) About the TPNRD, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/projects/transatlantic-policy-network-on-religion-and-diplomacy.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(5) Ján Fige?, https://www.janfigel.sk/aboutjf.（阅读时间：2024年9月24日）
(1) https://www.iclrs.org/jan-figel/.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(2) https://www.bruegel.org/people/christos-stylianides.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(3) Top diplomat and novelist Frans van Daele:“Without diplomacy you’re flying blind”, https://stories.kuleuven.be/en/stories/topdiplomat-frans-van-daele-without-diplomacy-you-re-flying-blind.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_van_Daele.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(1) EU official:Release of Asia Bibi shows promise for religious freedom,https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42238/euofficial-release-of-asia-bibi-shows-promise-for-religious-freedom.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(2) Petr Jasek&Rebecca George, Imprisoned with ISIS:Faith in the Face of Evil, October 1, 2021, The Voice of the Martyrs Books.https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ja%C5%A1ek.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(3) Minister Zaorálek Negotiated Petr Ja?ek’s Release in Sudan,https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/en/issues_and_press/archive/events_and_issues/x2017/x2017_02_27_minister_zaoralek_negotiated_in_sudan.html.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(4) EU FoRB envoy’s visit to Sudan, https://appgfreedomofreligionorbelief.org/eu-forb-envoys-visit-sudan/.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(5) Sudan releases pastor and activist sentenced for espionage, https://sudantribune.com/article60665/.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(1) What is Religious Literacy? https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/what-we-do/our-approach/what-religious-literacy.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(2) Religious literacy, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_literacy.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(3) Ullmann, A. 2018a.“Mediation Perspectives:Training Secular Diplomats on the Religion-Peacebuilding Nexus.” CSS Blog Network, July 2. https://isnblog.ethz.ch/css-blog/mediation-perspectives-training-secular-diplomats-on-the-religionpeacebuilding-nexus.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(4) Bilde, M. Religion and foreign policy:a Brussels perspective, in:M.Barnett, C.Bob, N.Fisher Onar, A.Jenichen, M.Leigh,&L.Leustean(Eds)Faith, Freedom, and Foreign Policy, challenges for the Transatlantic Community,(Washington, DC:Transatlantic Academy), 2015, pp. 156-160.
(1) Sarah Wolff, EU religious engagement in the Southern Mediterranean:Much ado about nothing? Mediterranean Politics, Volume23, 2018-Issue 1, pp.161-181.
(2) Merete Bilde, Religion and Foreign Policy:A Brussels Perspective, Faith, Freedom, and Foreign Policy:Challenges for the Transatlantic Community, Transatlantic Academy, 2015, pp.156-160.
(3) Transatlantic Policy Network on Religion and Diplomacy, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/projects/transatlantic-policynetwork-on-religion-and-diplomacy.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(4) Religion&Diplomacy, https://religionanddiplomacy.org/about/.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(1) Federica Mogherini to host a conference Towards Global Exchange on Religion in Society,https://south.euneighbours.eu/news/federica-mogherini-host-conference-towards-global-exchange-religion/.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(2) Global Exchange on Religion in Society:Building on the positive role of religion for social inclusion, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/global-exchange-religion-society-building-positive-role-religion-social-inclusion_en.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(3) https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/projects/global-exchange-on-religion-in-society-geris_en.（阅读时间：2024年9月4日）
(4) https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/topics_en.（阅读时间：2024年9月26日）
(5)张锡模：《圣战与文明：伊斯兰与西方的永恒冲突》，生活·读书·新知三联书店出版社2016年，第28页。
(1) Ian Manners,“Normative Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.2, 2002,pp.242-243.
(2) Anne Jenichen, A Transatlantic Secular Divide? The Representation of Religion in EU and US Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 15, Issue 4, October 2019, Pages 451-469.
(3) Shakman Hurd, Elizabeth,“International politics after secularism”, Review of International Studies, vol. 38, no. 5, 2012, pp. 944-946.
(4) Sarah Wolff, Secular Power Europe and Islam:Identity and Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2021, pp.85-106.
(1) Sarah Wolff, Secular Power Europe and Islam:Identity and Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2021, p.105.
基本信息:
中图分类号:D814.1
引用信息:
[1]张崇富.欧盟宗教外交与“规范性力量欧洲”叙事的建构[J].世界宗教文化,2024,No.149(05):64-72.
2024-10-15
2024-10-15